The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automated Tools

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including but not limited to large language models, machine learning algorithms, image generation tools, and data analysis software, must be conducted in a transparent, ethical, and responsible manner. 

AI tools may be used to support research activities such as data analysis, language editing, or manuscript preparation; however, they must not replace critical human judgment, nor compromise the integrity, originality, or accountability of the research.

AI tools cannot be listed as authors, as they do not meet authorship criteria and cannot take responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, or ethical conduct of the work. Human authors remain fully responsible for all content generated with the assistance of AI, including ensuring accuracy, originality, proper citation, and compliance with ethical standards.

Disclosure and Transparency

Authors must clearly disclose the use of AI tools in the preparation of the manuscript or analysis of data. This disclosure should specify:

• The name and type of AI tool used
• The purpose for which the tool was used (e.g., language editing, data analysis, image enhancement)
• Confirmation that authors reviewed and verified all AI-assisted content

A statement regarding AI use should be included in the Methods, Acknowledgements, or a dedicated AI Disclosure section. Failure to disclose AI use may be considered a breach of publication ethics.

Ethical and Responsible Use of AI

AI tools must not be used to:

• Fabricate, falsify, or manipulate data, images, or results
• Generate misleading or non-existent references
• Alter images or data in a way that misrepresents findings
• Bypass ethical review processes or informed consent requirements.

For studies involving human participants or animals, AI-assisted analyses must comply with the same ethical approvals and data protection standards as traditional methods. Use of AI on sensitive or identifiable data must adhere to applicable privacy laws and institutional regulations, and authors must ensure that confidential data are not inappropriately shared with external AI systems.

Editorial Review and Accountability

Editors and reviewers may request additional information regarding the use of AI tools during the research or manuscript preparation process. The journal reserves the right to reject, retract, or issue corrections for manuscripts where AI use is deemed unethical, inadequately disclosed, or inconsistent with research integrity standards.

Example AI Disclosure Statement

“Artificial intelligence tools were used for language editing and clarity improvement. All content was reviewed and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the manuscript.”