Conflict of interest
In accordance with the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommendations, all relationships and activities that could be perceived as potential conflicts of interest, regardless of whether the authors believe such relationships influenced the submitted work. Authors must disclose all potential conflicts of interest that could be perceived to influence, or appear to influence, the design, conduct, interpretation, or reporting of the research. Conflicts of interest may be financial or non-financial and include, but are not limited to, employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership, grants, paid expert testimony, patents or patent applications, advisory roles, personal relationships, academic competition, or intellectual beliefs relevant to the submitted work.
All authors are required to submit a conflict of interest declaration at the time of manuscript submission. If no conflicts exist, authors must explicitly state: “The authors declare no conflicts of interest.” Disclosure of conflicts does not preclude publication; however, failure to disclose relevant conflicts may result in rejection, retraction, or other editorial actions. Editors may request further clarification or documentation to ensure transparency and maintain trust in the published research.







